Restriction endonuclease
Restriction endonuclease (pronunciation: /rɪˈstrɪkʃən ˌɛndoʊˈnjuːkleɪz/), also known as a restriction enzyme, is a type of enzyme that cleaves DNA into fragments at or near specific recognition sites within the molecule known as restriction sites. These enzymes are found in many bacteria and provide a defense mechanism against invading viral DNA.
Etymology
The term "restriction endonuclease" originates from the function of the enzyme. "Restriction" refers to the enzyme's ability to restrict the action of the DNA of invading viruses, and "endonuclease" refers to the enzyme's ability to cleave the phosphodiester bonds within a polynucleotide chain.
Types of Restriction Endonucleases
There are three main types of restriction endonucleases: Type I, Type II, and Type III.
- Type I restriction endonucleases cleave DNA at random locations a certain distance away from their recognition sequence.
- Type II restriction endonucleases are the most commonly used in molecular biology. They cleave DNA at specific points within their recognition sequence.
- Type III restriction endonucleases cleave DNA a short distance away from their recognition sequence.
Related Terms
- DNA - Deoxyribonucleic acid, the molecule that carries genetic instructions in all living organisms.
- Enzyme - A substance produced by a living organism that acts as a catalyst to bring about a specific biochemical reaction.
- Bacteria - A type of biological cell that constitutes a large domain of prokaryotic microorganisms.
- Viral DNA - The genetic material of viruses, which can be either DNA or RNA.
- Restriction sites - Locations on a DNA molecule containing specific sequences of nucleotides, which are recognized by restriction enzymes.
External links
- Medical encyclopedia article on Restriction endonuclease
- Wikipedia's article - Restriction endonuclease
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